Joseph’s Silver Cup
The story of Joseph is one of the longest in the Old Testament (14 chapters from Genesis 37 to 50). It is a soul-searching story mixed with villainy and great character. Both hatred and love drive the story while divine providence moves to fulfill God’s purpose. In the end love wins out. The beautiful part of God’s plan is that love triumphs in the end. There is also a happy ending for Jacob. He believed Joseph was dead only to find him alive in Egypt. When Jacob’s life ends, in God’s tender mercy, it is Joseph who closes his eyes. (Genesis 46:4) Jacob’s body is carried back to the Promised Land and is buried in the cave of Machpelah with Abraham and Isaac. This confirmed his hope in God’s promises.
Jacob’s Love for Joseph
Joseph was the child of Jacob’s beloved Rachel. He was younger than most of his brethren because Rachel had been barren for some time. When Rachel finally gave birth to Joseph, this tended to make him especially loved. And even more importantly, he was a delightful child. Consequently, they tended to spoil him. This may have been fine for Joseph, but it created jealousy among his brethren. However, it is important that we understand Joseph’s close association with Jacob was the very means by which he came to learn and appreciate his heritage in the Abrahamic promise. In all the years he spent in Egypt, probably not a day passed that he didn’t recall these treasured promises. Perhaps he may have felt that in becoming the Savior of Egypt the Abrahamic promises were beginning to have a fulfillment.
Jealousy is as Cruel as the Grave
Once jealousy starts to grow it can turn a normally good heart into an evil one. We all remember how Joseph’s brethren hated him and finally plotted to kill him. Reuben, the oldest son, would not let his brothers kill Joseph. He suggested they throw Joseph into a pit hoping later to rescue him. Here we see how God turns the wrath of man into his own glory. God wanted Joseph in Egypt. He allowed the wrath of Joseph’s brothers to sell him into slavery. This was a mean and despicable thing to do. Brothers are supposed to stick together and help one another. That is one lesson we should keep in mind. If we ever find ourselves wishing to injure another brother or sister, we certainly have not passed from death unto life because we love the brethren. The highest injury we do when love fails under the test is to ourselves. We must love our brethren. It may not always run with the grain of our old nature, but without love we are nothing. Joseph was sold for 20 pieces of silver, which was the price of a slave under 30 years of age–Joseph was seventeen years old at the time. Jesus was sold for 30 pieces of silver because he was a mature man. The lesson is the same, except that we have allowed for an age difference. We are not told how they divided the money. In that there were ten brothers, each would have received two pieces of silver if divided equally. Perhaps some refused the money when the pangs of guilt began to trouble them.
Joseph Did Not Allow His Environment to Shape His Character
Modern thought tends to expect individual performance to be governed by environment. It is explained that people behave badly or well because of their environment. No matter what environment we are in, we can live on the higher plane of our ideals and hopes. That is the lesson of Joseph. He did not become a criminal because he was in jail with criminals. Because his brothers were mean and spiteful did not make Joseph that way. He maintained his integrity when there was no reward for doing so, only punishment. Why? Because he lived on a higher plane and would not allow himself to descend to the plane where tooth and claw governed. He did not plan to get even with those who had mistreated him. He had plenty of cause to be bitter and vengeful. He had been badly treated by his brothers, by Potiphar and his wicked wife, and then by the butler who forgot to mention him to Pharaoh for two years.
The Genesis account tells us that God was with him and he prospered in all that he did. It might not seem God was with him when being carried bound to Egypt. It may not seem that God was with him when Potiphar’s wife accused him falsely. It may not seem that God was with him in jail for two additional years. Yet God was with him and he prospered in jail. He was a man of impeccable character and amazing ability to organize and supervise in a fair and brilliant way. Yet there he was in jail, spending some of the best years of his life as a slave or criminal. How many of us would be able to overcome under such adverse conditions? It is human to want God to remove the mountain for us, but God wants us to climb the mountain while he grants strength to do so.
You know how Joseph was taken from prison to interpret Pharaoh’s dream and then became ruler over Egypt. In Genesis 41:44 we read: ‘I am Pharaoh, and without thee shall no man lift up his hand or foot in all the land of Egypt.’ Pharaoh here pictures God. Joseph pictures Christ. What a marvelous relationship came to exist between Pharaoh and Joseph. Think of what awesome power was held by a man who was just about thirty years old, who had languished as a slave and prisoner for 13 years. Imagine how far reaching was the power given him, that no one could lift up his ‘hand or foot’ except by Joseph’s consent. Of course this was exaggerated language, but it meant to one and all that Joseph was in complete power and authority.
The seven years of plenty picture the grace and bounty of God laid up in Christ during the Gospel Age–the time of grace. The seven years of famine represent the Mediatorial Kingdom where Christ will reign supreme. In that time no one will be able to stand in his own righteousness. The Mediator will shelter them from the exact demand of righteousness. Christ will sustain them. As the famine worsened, the people had to sell their possessions and themselves to be servants of Pharaoh. This pictures how all men will have to consecrate to God and will be totally consecrated to him when Christ delivers the Kingdom to the Father. Their only chance for survival will be accepting the terms that antitypical Joseph places upon them. The world will need to be provided for by their Mediator whose righteousness will shelter them from standing before Jehovah’s throne until they attain their own human perfection. Without antitypical Joseph’s provisions they would all perish–they could never attain perfection or their own righteousness.
We, by way of contrast, are able to consecrate our lives now. We gave up our possessions and our wills to God during the period of grace and hence our place will be with Joseph. Our task in the kingdom will be to make men poor to self-will and bring them under the will of God. In order to get Joseph’s stores of food (which as they eat this food they will grow in righteousness), they shall have to unload themselves of their treasured resources and finally yield totally to God’s sovereignty. (Genesis 47:24,25) Israel had to give one tenth (a tithe) to the priests and Levites. Joseph made the Egyptians give one-fifth to Pharaoh–a double tithe in God’s Kingdom.
I know none of this sounds very generous of Joseph, but these are the terms for everlasting life. The ‘goats’ will not like this arrangement. They will chafe a little under the Kingdom rule, and be eager to create better terms for themselves. What we must understand is that actually mankind will have four-fifths, which is abundantly more than they can ever use. If mankind would only devote one-fifth of their labors to the general good, how rich this world would be. Has God ever taken as much as a penny from earth? No! And he never will. However, God and Christ will count what is offered to benefit mankind as done unto them.
‘Thou art even as Pharaoh’. (Genesis 44:18) These are Judah’s words to Joseph. Yes, Christ exercises power and authority given by God. The Egyptians probably resented Joseph being in such power. I am sure they tried to by-pass his authority. However, Pharaoh would not let one Egyptian get out from under Joseph’s authority–not one. Christ is our head now. We cannot expect the world to accept his headship then if we are not keeping the head now. Those who would aspire to be the bride of Christ must be eager to accept the headship of Christ now and forever. Those otherwise minded need not hope to be his bride.
The Struggle for Supreme Authority
Much of the pain and suffering in the world comes from selfish men and the Devil trying to have authority. Nimrod’s tower of Babel was built as a quest for world dominance and authority. God had to intervene and end that project which was driven by ambition. Nations have been at war as long as we have had human history. The mighty nations preyed on the weaker nations, dominating them and enslaving them. We see a similar spirit even among the apostles before Pentecost. In Mark 9:33,34 we read: ‘What was it that ye disputed among yourselves by the way? But they held their peace: for by the way they had disputed among themselves, who should be the greatest.’ They were ashamed to tell the truth of their discussion to the Master.
It should not surprise us to see that later in the Christian Church a rivalry occurred among the bishops. As the bishops multiplied, the question soon arose as to who would be the bishop of bishops. Emperor Justinian ended the struggle by declaring the bishop of Rome to be head of all the holy churches. From there the world sank into the Dark Ages ruled by priestcraft and kings bent on controlling the world and men’s minds. Satan has been represented in that cruel and bloody rule. The authority being exercised in this world is fatally flawed by sin. Consequently some have come to the conclusion that all authority is to be resisted and deplored. This has given rise to excessive demand for human rights and privileges. In this quest for rights it often happens that all authority is resisted and people imagine that human sovereignty must be without limits.
We live in a time when restraints of authority are being resisted and refused. We must not allow the anarchistic spirit in the world to get into our blood. We must remember that God is looking for those who love and appreciate the headship of Christ. Christ is to be our head every day of our lives. Even in the resurrection we will be under Christ’s headship unto all eternity.
The lesson of Joseph is that while he exercised total authority yet he kept himself fully under the authority of the Pharaoh, just as Christ always acknowledged the sovereignty of his Father. He had no uncontrolled ambitions. Unrestrained ambition destroyed Lucifer. It will also destroy any Christian not keeping the head.
Genesis 45:8 reads: ‘So now it was not you that sent me hither, but God: and he hath made me a father to Pharaoh, and lord of all his house, and a ruler throughout all the land of Egypt.’ This is a beautiful Scripture. Joseph had become the father of the nation–they lived only because of him. Christ will be the everlasting Father of the world. He will ultimately bring them to God. Did Joseph’s fatherhood begin only in the famine? Did it begin in the years of plenty? Did it begin while he was enslaved and imprisoned where he had to learn to follow God’s leading in harsh and painful conditions? Before greatness is humility. As the Lord’s people we need to have the true nurturing spirit even now. How thankful we should be that we can share the common sufferings of the world in these years of grace and favor. This will enable us to bring the world to consecration. The practical lesson we learn from Joseph is that he was tough-minded with the people. His dealings with the people were to bring them into total subjection to the Pharaoh. This is not the permissive love now being advocated. Remember Romans 11:22: ‘Behold the goodness and severity of God.’ The modern concept of God is that he is all kindness without any severity. The God we represent is both good and severe. Let us keep this lesson before us.
Joseph’s Rough Treatment of His Brethren
Joseph first accused his brethren of being ‘spies’ when they appeared before him. They had come to buy grain and found themselves in a lot of trouble. In Genesis 42:17-19: ‘He put them all together into ward [prison] three days. And Joseph said unto them the third day: This do and live; for I fear God. If ye be true men, let one of your brethren be bound in the house of your prison: go ye, carry corn for the famine of your houses.’ Here we see how our Lord had placed his Hebrew brethren in Diaspora for three days (parts of three thousand-year days from Jesus’ rejection of the nation until his second advent), and on the third (Millennial) day he lets them return to their homes to feed their families. This would cover the time from Christ’s death until his return when he focuses on his brethren, again allowing them to return to their homeland with some provisions.
When Joseph released them from prison, they confessed their sin in the Hebrew language, not knowing he understood them perfectly. As Joseph listened to their remorse and guilt he had to turn away as recorded in Genesis 42:24 because he could not hold back his tears. In our time I wonder how often many Jewish people have looked back on their painful history with sadness at what had happened to Jesus. I am sure there is remorse in many hearts, but they cannot openly confess this to Gentiles. It is only in the Hebrew tongue that this remorse is heard. Confession precedes true forgiveness. We believe that process has started covertly and will reach its fulfillment in Zechariah 12:10: ‘And they shall look upon me whom they have pierced, and they shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for his only son.’ This will be the moment when Joseph says to them: ‘I am Joseph your brother.’ What a happy reunion that was. In antitype it will be a great moment when Christ reveals himself to Israel and they fall into his open arms.
However, Joseph does not reveal his true identity to his brothers when he let them out of prison. He does something very harsh. He singles out Simeon in Genesis 42:24 where we read he ‘took Simeon and bound him before their eyes.’ Why Simeon? Why should he be bound and cast into prison while the other brothers were allowed to return to their families? That was very painful and demeaning. Reuben is the only one who was innocent among the brethren. He declares his innocence in Genesis 42:22. Why didn’t Joseph bind Judah who suggested they sell him into slavery? (Genesis 37:27) We are not absolutely sure, but we think it was Simeon who bound Joseph when they sold him and who was the least inclined to pity Joseph as he pleaded with them. Now, Simeon himself was to feel the pain of being bound. He was to see his brothers return home free and he was confined in prison and bound. He was going to drink some of his own medicine, and it was not pleasant. Perhaps also Simeon had not shown sufficient contrition of heart and Joseph used this stern treatment to help him come to a truly penitent heart. Please notice one thing here: Judah and his brothers make no plea on behalf of Simeon; no one offers to stand in for him.
In the antitype, we know who bound Jesus (typed by Joseph). It was the religious leaders who hated Jesus and sought on many occasions to kill him. Finally, with Judas’ help they bound Jesus, delivering him to Pilate. Then they badgered Pilate into crucifying him. Five times Pilate said ‘I find no fault in him.’ Yet the religious leaders not only succeeded in binding Jesus, but also ridding themselves of him at least until he was resurrected.
Who might Simeon represent in our time, when the brothers of Joseph (Jesus) stand before him after being let out of the prison of Diaspora? In thinking about this it seems there is a class of Jews in our time who need some additional hard experiences. All the Hebrews standing before Joseph had rejected him. Simeon was put upon to receive additional harsh treatment. (Genesis 42:24) Who could he represent in our time? It seems that Jews who join the nominal church, the false representation of Christ’s Kingdom, are going to have extra trouble. They are going to be bound in Egypt or in Babylon. Now, I am not speaking of the Messianic Jews who accept Jesus as the Messiah but who do not want to affiliate with the churches and their historic cruelty to the Jews. They just want to believe in the Messiah apart from Christendom and apart from the Trinity concept. We think Simeon might represent Jews who accept the Trinity Christ, the burning hell-fire Christ, and the desire to make common cause with the false Christian churches, mostly in the evangelical churches.
The Jews who have become a part of Babylon will find themselves in extra hardship when it collapses. They will be bound in that system incurring God’s judgment. They may indeed picture Simeon in our time. Yes, the Simeon class is bound in Christendom while his brothers are back in their homeland feeding their families and Jacob. The nine brothers are sent home with the proviso that they bring Benjamin back with them.
Joseph Blessing His Brethren
The Second Meeting
The next meeting with Joseph occurs when they stand before him with their brother Benjamin, Joseph’s full brother. The requirement that they bring Benjamin was most difficult to fulfill. (Genesis 42:16,19) You know how it broke Jacob’s heart to have to send Benjamin to Egypt, but the famine left him no choice. Benjamin pictures the Great Company just as Joseph pictures Christ. Joseph singled out five brethren to represent ten of his brethren. (Genesis 47:2) We read: ‘And he took some of his brethren, even five men, and presented them unto Pharaoh.’ This confirms the rich man and Lazarus story where five brethren depicted ten tribes. (Luke 16:19-31)
This second meeting of Joseph’s brethren with him takes place in antitype when the antitypical Benjamin, the Great Company, comes before Christ (Joseph) in conjunction with the nation of Israel. It is interesting to notice that Benjamin, while he represents the five foolish virgins, did not reject his brother Joseph. He was innocent of the crime of his brothers. Benjamin loves his brother Joseph, just as the Great Company loves Christ and they also build on that Rock. The five portions Benjamin received in Joseph’s festive hall pictured a mark of special favor. (Genesis 43:34) Notice how Joseph when he laid eyes on Benjamin said, ‘God be gracious unto thee, my son. And Joseph made haste; for his bowels did yearn upon his brother’. (Genesis 43:29,30) Here we see Christ yearns for his brother, the Great Company. However, he is not ready to reveal himself to them.
Joseph’s Silver Cup
The plot thickens here. Joseph fills his brothers’ bags with money but lo and behold, he puts his silver cup (probably the word of truth concerning natural Israel and the Promised Land) in Benjamin’s bag. This is devastating to everyone. They are all arrested and it now looks as though they must return without Benjamin. Judah, the very one who suggested they sell Joseph into slavery now puts his own life on the line. Joseph insists that the one who possessed his cup would be his servant. We know the Great Company will serve before the throne ‘day and night in his temple.’ In Genesis 44:18,33,34 we read: ‘Then Judah came near unto him, and said, Oh my lord, let thy servant, I pray thee speak a word in my lord’s ears, let not thine anger burn against thy servant: for thou art even as Pharaoh. Now therefore, I pray thee, let thy servant abide instead of the lad a bondman to my lord; and let the lad go up with his brethren. For how shall I go up to my father, and the lad be not with me? Lest peradventure I see the evil that shall come on my father.’ This was the moment Joseph waited for. Judah confesses his sins to Joseph in Genesis 44:16. His willingness to take Benjamin’s place as a servant overcomes Joseph. Remember that it was Judah who originally suggested they sell Joseph into slavery, but now he has matured into a beautiful person. He cares about his father Jacob and his brother Benjamin. It took great character to offer himself in slavery in Benjamin’s stead. Remember that no one offered to stand in for Simeon. Of course, Judah does not have to go into slavery. His beautiful heart condition at last frees him.
This is rather exciting. In Revelation 16, ‘seven angels’ pour out ‘seven golden bowls’–these all come from the temple ‘filled with God’s glory.’ The ‘seven angels’ are then given ‘golden bowls’ of divine judgments. These fill up the wrath of God. Benjamin is not included in the work of these ‘seven angels’ who come from the temple–the true Church of God. Gold is associated with the divine. Notice that Benjamin, picturing the Great Company, is given Joseph’s silver cup. Hence silver is identified with the Great Company. In Revelation 16:15 we have our Lord’s message to the Great Company: ‘Behold, I come as a thief, Blessed is he that watcheth, and keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked, and they see his shame.’ This is a message to the Great Company to keep on their robe of righteousness when everything around them is collapsing. Now we see Joseph planted his silver cup in Benjamin’s bag just as Christ does with the Great Company. It created a great time of trouble and perplexity for Benjamin. He seemed doomed because he had Joseph’s silver cup. The Great Company also will be in great trouble because of the ‘silver cup’ truths planted in their ‘bag.’
Just as the silver cup is hidden in Benjamin’s bag, so Christ will plant his silver truths on the Great Company, and they will be in possession of some important truth, which normally belonged only to Joseph– Christ. What might this be? I think the truth the Great Company will have is the truth pertaining to natural Israel. Hence the Great Company will know that any attempt to destroy Israel will be doomed. When Gog and Magog come down against Israel, the churches will bless this doomed invasion. However, the Great Company, will know this mission is doomed to failure. They will speak out against this and bring down wrath upon themselves.
Where does Judah come in? The faithful ones in natural Israel picture Judah, who at some point, may speak out and try to shield the Benjamin class, the Great Company, from harm as the nominal systems turn against them. This will be the great turning point, when the antitypical Joseph sees the remorse in Judah’s heart and he can no longer hide himself from his natural brethren. We read in Genesis 45:1,2: ‘Then Joseph could not refrain himself before all them that stood by him; and he cried, Cause every man to go out from me. And there stood no man with him, while Joseph made himself known unto his brethren. And he wept aloud: and the Egyptians and the house of Pharaoh heard.’ He then says to them, ‘I am Joseph your brother.’ Joseph tries to hide his yearning for his brethren from the Egyptians, the world, but soon all realize that Christ has revealed himself to his natural brethren. Isn’t that beautiful?
When Gog’s invasion collapses, the Great Company will leave this earth in great tribulation. Then we read in Ezekiel 38:23: ‘Thus will I magnify myself, and sanctify myself; and I will be known in the eyes of many nations, and they shall know that I am the Lord.’ Thus Joseph’s [Christ’s] love for his natural people will come to be known to the entire world. Notice that it is not until Judah [natural Israel] tries to shield Benjamin [the Great Company in some unique way], that Joseph [the antitypical Christ] will reveal himself to his brethren.
Christ prepares his natural brothers in the flesh, Israel, over a long period of time to receive him. However, our lesson indicates that at the end he reveals himself very suddenly and spontaneously to his natural brethren. Joseph seems to have singled out Benjamin for special trial in possessing his silver cup of truth concerning natural Israel. He also seems to give his brethren both blessings and grief up until the time that Judah offers to take Benjamin’s place. (Remember, Benjamin is Joseph’s full brother, a part of the Church of the firstborn.) This story seems to warrant expecting antitypical Judah to make some noble effort to modify the sufferings of the Great Company.
I mention this to open another window to prophecy that lies immediately before us. There is little doubt that the story of Joseph is a type in many ways. Perhaps the typical story was given to help us understand the relationship between the Great Company, Christ, Judah, Gog’s invasion and Armageddon. What better way could ‘Judah’ show its true remorse and beautiful heart condition but to act in a noble way to shield Christ’s brethren, the Great Company. This action will not save the Great Company. Remember Joseph said ‘the man in whose hand the cup is found, he shall be my servant’. (Genesis 44:17) The Great Company will serve God in his temple before the throne. It is Judah’s plea that causes Christ to open his heart to his natural brethren.
No Sowing or Planting for Seven Years
It is important to know that one of the reasons they survived the seven years of famine is that they did not sow or plant for seven years. If they had done so, they would not have survived. I am certain that panic gripped the hearts of the Egyptians as the famine deepened. It would be natural for them to want to plant grain hoping for a harvest. Only by being subject to Joseph could they survive. In Genesis 45:6 we read: ‘For these two years hath the famine been in the land: and yet there are five years, in the which there shall neither be earing [plowing, RSV] nor harvest.’ Then when they do plant at the end of the seven years of draught, we read in Genesis 47:23: ‘Then Joseph said unto the people, Behold, I have bought you this day and your land for Pharaoh: lo, here is seed for you, and ye shall sow the land.’ That is when they must give a fifth of their harvest to Pharaoh, to God, or really for the common good.
One last comment comes from Paul in Hebrews 11:22: ‘By faith Joseph, when he died, made mention of the departing of the children of Israel; and gave commandment concerning his bones.’ This was a significant gesture on Joseph’s part. He could easily have had a great monumental burial in Egypt. His name was great and the nation owed him their lives. However, Joseph had never forgotten the promise to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Under no condition was he going to rest in Egypt.
The story of Joseph proves that people who once turned mean and ugly can be turned around into beautiful caring people. What a man is should not interfere with what he might be once he chooses to repent and reform. The poet has said: ‘The saddest words of tongue or pen, are the words it might have been.’ What people are, and what they might be, may be two different things. Everything depends on making the right choices and the right decisions. People who make the wrong choices and the wrong decisions will look back with broken hearts at what might have been had they done differently. We do not want to be ‘what might have been’ Christians.
Getting Back to Benjamin
We are actually more concerned with Benjamin than with Simeon. After all, Benjamin is our brother in Christ. Why would antitypical Joseph plant his silver cup in Benjamin’s bag to bring such distress upon him and all the natural Israelites? Remember when Joseph saw his brother Benjamin, his soul yearned for him and he had to leave the room to seek a place to weep. (Genesis 43:30) He thereafter gave five portions to Benjamin his brother! He seemed extravagantly pleased with Benjamin. Then he places his silver cup in Benjamin’s bag, making him look like a thief. None of this seems to add up. Benjamin was not really in danger of literally being a slave to Joseph, was he? Joseph surely would not allow any harm to come to his brother whom he loved. Joseph knew that his brothers had brought Benjamin to them under great restraint from his father Jacob. Certainly Joseph was not going to do anything to give his father further pain. This silver cup was planted on Benjamin to test his brothers. What would they do if it looked like harm were to befall Benjamin?
Jesus, the Forgiving One
To Joseph’s great pleasure Judah, his very own brother who suggested they sell him into slavery, turned into a loving and caring person. When Judah realizes they might have to return without Benjamin, he fears for his father Jacob. They robbed him of his son Joseph. They cannot return without Benjamin so Judah offers himself as a substitute for Benjamin. At this point Joseph cannot hide himself from his brothers for another moment. While he orders out all the Egyptians, he cries so loud that everyone in Egypt hears him.
This, of course, is a type of Christ. The antitypical Joseph apparently waits to see his natural brother, Judah, the leading tribe of Israel, not only show verbal remorse, but express a willingness to suffer as a bondsman, to save his brother Benjamin. That is the moment when Christ will reveal himself to all his brethren and to the world. Remember, up until this point Joseph had been a little hard on them. He repeatedly had placed them in stressful and worrisome positions, even though all the while he proved to be a great benefactor to them. It was only through his generosity they had provisions to live on.
How this might develop in the days ahead we may not be sure. It is possible that when the Armageddon climax is reached and the nations of Christendom are about to descend upon Jerusalem, that the truth about Israel will be found coming forth from Benjamin’s [the Great Company’s] bag. The nominal churches will be distraught with the Great Company for censuring their crusade against Israel and Jerusalem. It may be at this very moment that some of the faithful in natural Israel will speak up in defense of the Great Company. It will not save the Great Company because they must come up through ‘great tribulation’ to finally overcome and stand before the throne of God.
The whole point of this lesson is that Christ will not reveal himself to natural Israel and to the world until ‘Judah’ picturing the faithful in natural Israel offers to stand in for Benjamin, the Great Company. That is the great moment when Christ will say, ‘I am Joseph your brother.’
In conclusion, dear brethren, remember why we are here today. The truth of God is everything to live for, and it is also everything to die for.
– Eugene Burns